Comics, The X-Men, and Popular Culture Essay - 4876 Words

Ismael Nava Cultural Studies May 9, 2013 Comics, The X-Men, and Popular Culture The genre of comic books and the characters that are included in this fictional universe have taken an importance seat in American popular culture today. Comics can serve many purposes. Comics can be the favorite entertainment material that a person chooses to read. Comics can help someone pass the time as they take a break from a walk around their local mall, airport, or grocery store. The comic book can be the form of art a person enjoys the most in reading material because it serves not only as a visual stimulant, but also provides as a getaway from the realities of life. Comics can also serve the purpose as the main literary source that a person†¦show more content†¦Readers into fictional comics can be described as minority culture, compared to people who read factual books for entertainment or information. Financially though, this specific storyline of teenage mutants dealing with puberty and prejudice was not enough. By the late 1 960’s the series was put on hold due to low demand and sales. In the middle of the 1970’s Marvel setout to try and revamp this team in order to make the series successful. Marvel introduced new characters to the team who had more diverse and international backgrounds. The Giant Sized X-Men (as the team was named) introduced international characters that could attract a bigger fan base to the series. Characters such as Nightcrawler (Great Britain), Wolverine (Canada), Colossus (Russia), and Storm (Africa) including all the original members, helped advertise the team to an American culture that was already highly internationalized. In the literature of the story line during these years, issues dealing with the Cold War and other international problems were addressed. Of these new characters, the fan base grew fond of the Ol Canucklehead (Wolverine). This character served as one of the leading roles into the 1980’s for the series to expand commercially and become h ighly successful in the years to come. In the early 1980’s, Marvel understood the impactShow MoreRelatedRepresentation Of Women By Bryan Singers1509 Words   |  7 PagesSingers X-Men Draft Two Bryan Singers â€Å"X-Men† (2000) was the first Hollywood superhero blockbuster made from a Marvel comic book. The film is rated 7.4 out of ten on the International Movie Database (IMDb), and has a 82% score by critics and a 83% score by audiences on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie is based off the Marvel comic book by the same name and features a team of people with special powers fight to save the world. the first X-Men comic was published in 1963 and featured five original X-Men, includingRead MoreMarvel Comics Research Paper1053 Words   |  5 Pagesgave us Marvel Comics #1. 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Their physical appearance, clothing, and sex appeal have moreRead MoreComic Books, By Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, And Frank Millar1714 Words   |  7 PagesThere will always be entertainment and in the 1960’s comic books ruled the entertainment industry, and even now they dominate as comic book movies. The worlds created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, an d Frank Millar have become pop culture and people across the world have gazed upon this form of art and literature combined. The protectors of the universe, as powerful as they can be, are missing one key component, the universe. The issue that comic books have not been as diverse as the world they protectRead MoreOutline Of Marvel Comics Marvel 1161 Words   |  5 PagesMarvel Comics Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about the history of Marvel Comics. Thesis/Central Idea: To understand Marvel Comics today, it is important to understand the history of the industry and its name changes from Timely Comics, to Atlas Comics, and lastly Marvel Comics. Organizational Pattern: Topical I. Introduction A. Attention getter: Imagine yourself living in United States in a time that was considered less than peaceful. Hitler is spreading his rule across Europe andRead MoreComic Books And Their Influence On Society1626 Words   |  7 Pageswho they love, or what religion they affiliate with. Superheroes are no different, although comics and their adaptations have a history of contradicting this reality. Comic books and their related renditions have often overlooked minority characters, like influential media has a tendency to, without regard to their audience (Aucoin, 2014). Superheroes have become an integral part of popular (pop) culture: the cultural preference of the mainstream populace, which holds considerable command on culturalRead MoreCase Study Marvel FINAL Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Case Study: Marvel What does Marvel’s current Success look like? Marvel’s current success is largely thanks to a three-pronged approach. It utilizes its characters fame to promote revenue in comic book publishing, toys, and licensing. After successfully navigating a near collapse, the company has re-invented itself by truly focusing on its library of characters. By redeveloping its products – like focusing on quality of publishing, modernizing for younger generations, changing structure to fourRead MoreGraphic In Comic Books And Graphic Novelsbram1158 Words   |  5 Pages Page:of 10 Graphic BleedVampires in comic books and graphic novelsBram Stoker’s Dracula #1 (1992). 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What cyber events could really cause terror in the Australian population Free Essays

The whole issue of cyber events such as attacks is complex with potential debates ranging from deployments by terrorist to disruption of information systems and computer viruses. The potential damages which can be brought by cyber events have drown concern from the government, media and the society at large. This paper seeks to explain the cyber events which are likely to cause terror in the Australian population. We will write a custom essay sample on What cyber events could really cause terror in the Australian population? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The efficiency and effectiveness of defense department of any country relies entirely on the effective of communication and data transfer. However, if the Australian defense communication system attacked by enemies through the interruption of the communication networks in the cyberspace and put under the enemies’ influence through remote control, it would be rendered ineffective and a threat to the national security. Further to this, radar stations would be paralyzed to a level where they cannot detect unauthorized foreign aircrafts from accessing the Australian space. In addition to this, the Australian fighter jets would become vulnerable to electronic attacks. This could result from harmful software which could be instilled in advance to the avionic systems by their enemies. In this context, such cyber events put threat to the national security of Australia. The increasingly high growing rate of cyber crimes poses a threat to the security of Australian commerce and banking institutions. This is evidenced by the Australian Security Intelligence Organization’s annual report which revealed that enemies were using the internet to access confidential business information. If these institutions were attacked, this would put the whole Australian banking system at risk of losing the investor’s confidence on keeping their financial statements confidential and subjecting them to enemies hence creating a loop hole for further attacks. Cyber attacks could also lead to access to confidential government, which could paralyze government operations. This is evidenced by the attack of the government’s internet filtering system by enemies and the overload of the prime minister’s web side with information requests. The prime minister’s web site was also attacked and loaded with pornography information. Such events impose security threats to the prime minister and the whole population at large. How to cite What cyber events could really cause terror in the Australian population?, Papers

The Idea of communication

Question: Write an essay on The idea of communication. Answer: Introduction: The idea of communication can be described, as the exchange of thoughts, beliefs and information via written or verbal words, signs or actions. Communication is a exchange of ideas. It cannot be a monologue. In the practice, it is more concerned with a twofold listening process. For communication to be effectual, the message must carry and provide the same meaning, idea and information to both the sender and the receiver. Workplace communication is crucially important to the organization because it permits companies to be prolific and operate successfully. Workers can experience a boost in their morale, efficiency and loyalty if they are able to interact upwards and downwards in the communication chain within an organization. With the help of this reflective discussion, I will make a dedicated effort to express my understanding of the provided training modules and the chapters of the pursued study has helped me to understand the communication issues. This reflective discussion has provided special attention to the modules titled Communication: Understanding the Process module, Unit 9 Group Communication module, Organizational Communication module and the Cross-Cultural Communication: Overcoming Barriers to Understanding module. The all other chapters has also helped me develop my knowledge base over the communication issues and the successful completion of this reflective essay. Discussion: We cannot ignore that the trivial communication and interactive situations in the workplace possesses a great impact on an employees career advancement. I have worked in a number of companies in my professional career until now. This range of experience has provided me a golden chance of being familiar to number different kinds of communication patterns in the workplace. However, the two different kinds of communication situations i.e. the good and poor communication circumstances have provided me the knowledge about the ideal pattern of communication for the further progress in my professional life. With the help of my training and the above discussed training modules have From Communication: Understanding the Process module of the course of my study, I got a clear and precise idea about the effective communication pattern. Previously, I had no idea about my own communication pattern and thus did not have any initiative to improve myself. It made me understand that by using the linear communication model; I can only deliver the directions and will fail to manage a better communication with my co-workers. Communication include all unites or the participants. I failed to recognize it in my previous workplaces. The next experience of this training has helped me to understand the communication is not only about spreading a massage but to receive a response. As discussed in the chapter of Communication: Understanding the Process module, in my recent workplace I am focusing on indulging a cyclical approach of communication. It has helped me to understand the views and perspectives of my team. As discussed by Blumler, 2015, the liner theory of communication s tates that the communication is a one-way process. However, in my professional field, this liner theory will be effective only when disseminating the hierarchical decisions. On the other hand, as I experienced in the training sessions, if we follow both a spreading and receiving communication channels within our workplaces, I better harmony and increased quality of leadership within ourselves can be obtained. In my previous experiences, we rarely got a chance to talk and air our concerns and objections to the higher and decision-making authority in a face-to-face meeting. As opined by Kincaid, 2013, it is important to uphold a clear downward communication channel to eradicate the confusion among the employees. In the course of this study, I have realized that a feeble downward communication can create a number of miscommunication and role conflict. In addition to this, the lack of face-to-face meetings, and verbal communication can make me less popular among my subordinates I faced issues like confrontation and hostility in my previous workplaces due to this reason. With the help of the Unit 9 Group Communication module, by focusing on the Decision-Emergence Theory, I can go through the stages of act, interact and double interact. Groups are being more and more important in today's society. Therefore, it will be instrumental in coming to a consensus in my group work efforts and gaining confidence. With the help of my training modules, I came to realize the intra-cultural communication Enculturation, Acculturation, Ethnocentrism, Cultural relativism for developing a better communication channel within a group. As discussed by McCroskey, 2015, it is important for a company to promote the circle network of communication within the employees from the same stage of the hierarchical ladder. With the help of my course, I came to realize the importance of circle network communication within the internal organizational communication. I often experienced issues like obtaining too much or too little information. Rarely the workers were informed about the market performance of the company and the internal operation of the same. It created an uncertainty within me about my career. As discussed by Keyton et al., 2013, if I follow an autocratic communication pattern in my workplace it will result in demoralization and decreased work efficiency among my co workers. As opined by Ford, 2013, the rhetorical theory of communication says that communication is a circular pattern of interaction. As defined in that theory, it is not enough to communicate in a linear pattern. In the course of my study, I have realized that I have to develop an democratic communication environment in my workplace for obtaining a better professional result. As discussed in Organizational Communication module a company needs to follow an informal communication frequently. With the help of my training schedules, I have realized that, a formal communication style is needed to follow for a company for the reason of power control, but an informal communication environment works as a stress buster and helps the employees to be more involved. A perfect balance is mandatory for the appropriate performance of an organization. Information should be communicated informally rather than arranging unnecessary meetings frequently. However, in the training schedules, I came to know the importance Grapevine. It could be effective in reducing my anxiety and fill the gaps with my co-workers. In the Cross-Cultural Communication: Overcoming Barriers to Understanding module, I have got the opportunity of understanding the Face negotiation theory. As suggested by the Face negotiation theory, I have threatened my own face when I communicated in a poor manner in my previous company. It threatened my self-image before my co-workers. Therefore, I have to maintain the culturally supported set of communicative behaviors, which will help me to gain the trust of my colleagues and subordinates. In my previous workplaces, I have made some communication mistakes. During this course of this study I have became able to understand those mistakes. As discussed in the Face negotiation theory I must behave in the ideal manner to be treated ideally. It has made my communication pattern and me more acceptable in the workplace. With the help of this course, I have realized the importance of the employee tailored training for disseminating certain information to my team members. The theory of reasoned action maintains the reaction of the people is the based on the pre-existing attitudes and behavioral intentions of them. This theory helped me to understand the causes of the particular behavior pattern of some of my co-workers towards me in my previous workplaces. It is hard to change the personal beliefs of the people, but by providing training and strategic education regarding the organizational values, their perception and concerned reactions can be altered. Now if I provide the necessary employee tailored training to my co-workers, it may help me to change their pre conceived notions and upgrade the communication pattern within my future workplace. This course has made me realize the importance of displaying confidence and seriousnessto my team members. Previously, I failed to encourage them and thus created a poor communication channel within the organization. It made me fail to achieve the trust and confidence of my co-workers. In addition to that, I also followed the mistake of my leaders by not providing the subordinates the chance of airing their views and feedbacks. Thus, this communication mistakes affected my career adversely. It influenced my leadership skills as well as made me demoralized to work in a team as an equal team member. Now with the help of this course I have realized the importance of a better communication environment. As discussed by Danielewicz-Betz Kawaguchi, 2014, it is important for us to indulge in maintaining a strong manifold communication channels. As opined by Shrivastava, 2013 the type of business communication can be differentiated as the internal and external communications. In the internal communication, a company communicates internally. On the other hand in the external communication the company communicates with the consumers and the stakeholders. As discussed by McCroskey, 2015, all the communication channels like upward, downward, horizontal or literal communication channels should be clear and strong. Now I tend to follow a two-way communication. My experience of open meetings helped me to communicate efficiently with the team. This, one-on-one basis communication helped to understand the views of my co-workers. As discussed by Blumler, 2015, in the postpositive theory it is important to follow and understand that order is natural in accompany. It is needed to keep an order and mitigate the conflicts within the company. It helped me to understand the importance of messages intended to keep workers obeying the regulations and functioning together efficiently. However, my experience of the negative communication environment provided me the knowledge that I should implement this strategy with some restriction as over implementation may cause the employees dissatisfaction and decreased morale. However, with the help of this course, I understand that to maintain order I need to follow the strategy of open communication. In addition to this, I need to provide the trainings time-to-time feedback about the ethical responsibilities and the related legal issues of it to the employees. Thus, it will help me to obtain dedication, honesty, loyalty and involvement in the operation of the company. In this course of this training, I came to realize that the leader must need to set an example by his behavior. It is an important pattern and channel of communication with the employees. As opined by McNaughton Chapple, 2013, it is important for the leaders of a to act out their letters to gain trust and a confidence of his team members. It is an effective way of communication with the team. Thus this training experience has helped me to grow my leadership skills and thus enriched my professional faculty. As discussed by McNaughton Chapple, 2013, the "one-size-fits-all" approach of communication, may overlook the individuality of the diverse personalities, requirementsand potentials. Now I know the importance of addressing those differences. Everyone has their own reason and altitude as logic for their behavior. With the help of the Theory of planned action, I will also be able to predict purposeful and planned behavior of my team members. By altering their attitude, I will be able to manipulate them. This course has learned me that to avoid a tense atmosphere, it s important to maintain a receptive atmosphere. For ensuring an effective communication with the team, I must uphold a receptive atmosphere. As opined by Danielewicz-Betz Kawaguchi, 2014, this system of communication has been confirmed to be a greatly effective way of cutting down the tension among the employees. Working in such an environment motivated me to perform better. However, to be able to establish such an atmosph ere, I need to provide my co-workers some positive reinforcements to be able to reap the profit of the guidelines of the Theory of planned action. Thus, this knowledge of the communication theories have assisted me to identify the limitations of the communication patterns in an organizational setup and develop the needed communicational skills for my professional growth. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that scrutinizing and assessing both the positive and negative circumstances in the workplace regarding the communication has provided me some important and worthy information for my upcoming adjustments in the workplace. Regarding the experiences gathered in those circumstances and during the course of my study, I got a chance of improving my interactive skills and awareness of communication theories and the appropriate approaches. Every communication in the workplace has its concerned impact on the professional progress of the employees. Therefore, developing a better skill of workplace communication and utilizing the appropriate communication approaches are the key points of professional success. With the help of the study, if I will be able to establish a better communication skill, it will help me to grow professionally.Thus, by improving the communication clear and open with my team members, the progression of carrying out the jobs and projects started to go smoothly. In addition to this, it made me surprised that meeting the projected targets became a whole lot easier than before. It is widely accepted that, the way of communication is the key point what separates a bad leader from a good one. Having constructive communication skills is the only way of good leadership. This course of study helped me to understand what to avoid and what to accept in the workplace communication. Thus, it has helped me to develop my leadership skills and grow in my career. References: Badrinarayanan, V., Jillapalli, R., Becerra, E. (2015). Distal Salesperson-Supervisor Relationships: A Conceptual Integration of Self-Determination, Leadership, and Communication Theories. InProceedings of the 2010 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 234-234). Springer International Publishing. Blumler, J. G. (2015). Core Theories of Political Communication: Foundational and Freshly Minted.Communication Theory,25(4), 426-438. Christians, C. G. (2014).Communication theories in a multicultural world. K. Nordenstreng (Ed.). Peter Lang. Danielewicz-Betz, A., Kawaguchi, T. (2014). Preparing Engineering Students for Global Workplace Communication: Changing the Japanese Mindsets.iJEP,4(1), 55-68. Ford, T. (2013).Social Media and Crisis Communication: Theories and Best Practices(Doctoral dissertation, Carleton University Ottawa). Greene, J. O. (2013).Message production: Advances in communication theory. Routledge. Jeffres, L. W. (2015). Mass communication theories in a time of changing technologies.Mass Communication and Society,18(5), 523-530. Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.Journal of Business Communication, 0021943612474990. Kincaid, D.L. ed., 2013.Communication theory: Eastern and Western perspectives. Academic Press. Klckner, C. A. (2015). Understanding CommunicationInsights from Theories of Communication. InThe Psychology of Pro-Environmental Communication(pp. 45-68). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Malik, P. S., Singh, M. (2015). Interrogating interpersonal communication theories in the Indian sociological context.Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies,9(2), 32-35. McCroskey, J. C. (2015).Introduction to rhetorical communication. Routledge. McNaughton, D., Chapple, D. (2013). AAC and Communication in the Workplace.SIG 12 Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication,22(1), 30-36. Meulenbroek, P., Bowers, B., Turkstra, L. S. (2016). Characterizing common workplace communication skills for disorders associated with traumatic brain injury: a qualitative study.Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,44(1), 15-31. Shannon, C. E., Weaver, W. (2015).The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois press. Shrivastava, S. (2013). Workplace communication and its functions in determining organizational relations.ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,3(1), 245-261.

Persuasive Articles Analyzing the Structure - On College Life and Writing

How to write a persuasive article:State your issue and point of view.Use the best arguments and evidence you have.Be logical and consistent.Use influential language (power words, persuasive writing techniques, transitions).Write in present tense.With tons of persuasive essays to write in college, you want to understand this concept better, right? Persuasive articles are among the most common writing types to convince readers of a writers opinion, so they have a definite structure and language units to communicate arguments.And while some persuasive articles (political speeches or argumentative essays in newspapers) try hard to make the audience act, persuasive essays you write in college share arguments with readers to prove them your point of view.We believe youve checked our long read on how to write a persuasive essay already. Now, lets take a look at the structure of a persuasive article to understand what tricks make it well, persuasive.Persuasive Articles: The StructureIn plain English, persuasive writing is an essay that offers a polemical opinion and provides an argument and evidence to prove it. When writing it, you want the audience to agree with you, so your task is to convince them.All persuasive essay examples demonstrate that the structure of such articles reminds a standard five-paragraph essay:You need to write an introduction.Then, write 2-3 paragraphs with arguments and counterarguments (remember about the evidence to include).And finally, finish the essay with a conclusion.To make it easier for you, here goes a template you can use when writing a persuasive article. Fill it in, and the detailed outline for your essay is ready.Persuasive Essay TemplatePersuasive Articles: The LanguageYes, the structure of persuasive articles is simple. But, as far as you understand, its not what makes them so convincing. Clear yet emotional language, concise writing style, power words that reinforce a writers opinion with facts and evidence – thats only a few persuasive writing techniques to use when structuring your essay.A persuasive article is a mix of emotive language, critical thinking, and successful arguments with hard evidence. To convince the audience, you need to write an essay with particular words, phrases, and persuasive writing techniques in mind.Persuasive Writing TechniquesPersuasive essays are those written with the right combination of emotional and rational elements in mind. Writers appeal to logic and emotions, which makes their texts sound reasonable and credible.The basic strategies, also known as the rhetorical triangle, to use for that are:Logos: logic and facts to persuade the audience.Ethos: credibility and expertise (appealing to big names and their reputation) to persuade the audience.Pathos: emotional language to persuade the audience.For these elements to sound persuasive in writing, authors use techniques such as clarity, consistency, repetition, specific and precise language, calls to actions, power words, etc. All they help to make texts more interesting and memorable.Carefully-chosen words do wonders. We bet you heard of Robert Cialdini and his principles of persuasion: commonly used in marketing texts to influence buying decisions, they work for other writing styles too.Top blogger and storyteller, Jon Morrow described power words like this:Jon Morrow,CEO of SmartBlogger.comPower words are persuasive, emotional words that trigger a positive or negative response. They can make us feel scared, encouraged, aroused, angry, greedy, safe, or curious. Authors, copywriters, and content marketers use power words to spice up their content and compel audience to take action.In his article, Jon shares the fragment of Winston Churchills speech (with power words underlined) to illustrate how carefully-chosen words can turn a text into persuasive writing. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.So, dont forget about persuasive writing techniques when structuring your essay.Words and Phrases to UseAs you see, vocabulary matters in persuasive writing. Sure enough, you cant use all power words at once. And you shouldnt use too difficult language and long sentences with vague phrases. Plus, too emotional phrases wont work well in academic writing.Too many cants and donts, huh?No worries! Once youve figured out the persuasive writing techniques for your essay, feel free to choose among these words and transiti onal phrases to include. They will help to describe relationships between the arguments in your essay and demonstrate how much you believe in what youre writing.Introduce:There is no doubt thatI question whetherFrom where I standIn my point of viewIt is clear thatIt is my belief thatIllustrate the point:For instanceSpecificallyIn particularNamelySuch asLikeIntroduce an example: ThusAs an exampleIn other wordsTo illustrateFor example In fact As evidence In support of thisExamples includeMake a suggestion: To this endKeeping this in mindFor this purposeThereforeSupport the opinion: First, Second, ThirdFurthermoreBesidesIn additionIn the first placeSimilarlyEqually importantMoreoverAlsoCompare and contrast: Compared toOn the other handAlthoughEven thoughLikewiseOn the contraryAs opposed toRather thanAs well asNeverthelessAll areConverselyWhether or notIn spite ofYetConverselyConclude: As you can seeTo be sureIn any caseFor the reasons aboveTo be sureIn other wordsOn the wholeWith this in mindAs a result ofBecause of thisFor this reasonSinceIn shortMore words to use in persuasive essays are here.Writing Tips to FollowBesides power words and relevant transitional phrases, the structure of persuasive articles involves a writing style and tone of voice that would make it sound credible and convincing enough for the audience to believe it.For that, it needs to be brief and concise, clear and argumentative, punchy and to the point. Consider these tips when thinking about how to write a persuasive essay:Use active voice and Simple Present tense.Use straightforward language, and dont leave any doubts about your point of view.Make sure to find strong and up-to-date evidence to support arguments in your persuasive essay.One paragraph = one argument.Use power words and strong transitional phrases to convince readers.Use descriptive language (emotive adjectives and adverbs) if relevant, but dont go crazy. Stay brief and rational.Still wonder what the structure of a persuasiv e article looks? Check these samples of elementary persuasive essays from students or ask us to write a sample essay to use for illustrative purposes next time a teacher assigns such a paper to you.

Best Part Time MBA Programs Essays

Best Part Time MBA Programs Essays Best Part Time MBA Programs Paper Best Part Time MBA Programs Paper Best Part Time MBA Programs  as well as accelerated masters programs can be completed in anywhere from four years all the way down to one year working full time. The part-time programs take a bit longer allow the flexibility of the student to maintain a full time job and/or care for his or her family while pursuing an advanced education. The first university on our list of the best part time MBA programs isNorthwestern  University. The 5  Best Part Time MBA Programs Simply click any of these schools corresponding banners below to be taken directly to the associated University program. 1)  Northwestern University  Part Time  MBA Program Overview   Business school at Northwestern University can be completed as quickly as one year. However there are other programs that offer flexibility depending on these students situation or educational requirements. Northwestern also has a two-year program that can be worked part time on Saturdays and in the evenings with a flexible class schedule. Students can also pursue joint degrees like an accelerated MBA/JD in as little as three years or up to four years with a PhD. in sociology as well as organizations and management at WeinbergCollege. NorthwesternUniversityis definitely one of the  best part time MBA programs  available they are a class leader in advanced education with world-class faculty and facilities to foster a healthy learning environment with great results that will translate into a better future for its alumni. Kellogg school of management additionally offers a two-year program to earn a joint degree of a Master of engineering management and an MBA degree. These courses focus on exceptional learning as well as teamwork and include a course in global studies that is also mandatory. The acceptance rate atNorthwesternUniversityis just under 50%. 2)  University of Chicago Part Time MBA Program  Overview The Booth business school at the University in Hyde Park Illinois is literally a hub of culture and arts that is right next to downtownChicagoandLake Michiganwith beautiful beaches. An MBA can be earned part-time or through the traditional two-year program via evening and weekend classes. The University of Chicago in conjunction with the booth school of business also offer joint degrees in various capacities as well as an executive MBA program which can be completed in just under two years. Our MBA program students use their instincts and competitive nature outside the classroom in various campus activities including volleyball games, three-legged races and tug-of-war challenges. theUniversityofChicagosees just over 1500 part-time enrollments of their MBA program per year. 3)  University of California Berkeley  Part Time  MBA Program  Overview Students at the   University of California Berkeley will enjoy the schools very unique location right by San Franciscowhich is an international hub for large businesses like Visa and Google. This area offers the convenience and opportunity of jobs and internships to assist with your advanced education. our students are assigned projects to both global and local companies and in about 21 months can earn their MBA degree via the traditional program. If a student would like to go through the part-time program using Saturdays and evenings for class time the masters degree can be had in about three years. More than half of the NBA is made up from elective this students can choose various courses at our facility and or both on campus or other divisions of UC Berkeley. For those ambitious students they have MBA programs on the east and west coasts. At UC Berkeley international students make up to a third of our MBA enrollments so many of our business classes are of global focus. 4)  New York University Part Time MBA Program Overview Business school students at New York University are grouped in classes of about 60 using these groups will shape their two years of graduate school education while fostering friendships and classmates as well as eating lunches together, taking courses together and competing in annual events. Students can choose from a broad range of electives across New York Universitys highly-ranked school system. An MBA in general management is a stern degree and students can choose to specialize in several areas such as luxury marketing, data as well as models and decisions. They also offer dual degrees and accelerated programs with the JD/MBA that takes about four years at theNYUUniversity. While an biology/MBA otherwise known as an MS will take about three years at the arts and sciences graduate school. An MS/MBA in finance and mathematics will take about three years at the Institute of mathematical sciences. These are just a few of their dual degrees that come with a part-time component. 5)  University of Michigan Part Time MBA Program Overview The University of Michigan business school program is an action-based program designed specifically to encourage its students to ask relevant yet important questions, identify specific problems and groom its students to become effective leaders. The university offers several MBA or executive MBA programs with a part-time MBA, full-time MBA and executive MBA degrees while working on weekends and evenings with the EMBA courses meeting just monthly. They also have degree programs for master of supply chain management as well as master of accounting and a PhD program. University of Michigan students can get involved in various institutes and centers at school including the global sustainable enterprise Institute with more than 70 clubs and organizations as well as the womens initiative that offers programming and counseling to women at the University. Stay tuned for our next article on the Economist MBA rankings and for now we hope you enjoyed our top five  best part time MBA programs  and remember if you have anything you would like to add or simply want to chime in maybe offer another school in the lineup we would be happy to hear from you as well as make any recommended additions to our best part-time MBA programs lineup.

Racial Stereotypes and Food Product Marketing

Racial Stereotypes and Food Product Marketing The images of racial minorities have been used to hawk food for more than a century. Bananas, rice, and pancakes are just some of the food items that have historically been marketed with visages of people of color. Because such items have long been criticized for promoting racial stereotypes, however, the link between race and food marketing remains a touchy subject. When President Obama rose to prominence and Obama Waffles and Obama Fried Chicken made their debut soon after, controversy followed. Once again, an African American was being used to push food, critics said. Take a look around your kitchen. Do any of the items in your cupboards promote racial stereotypes? The list of items below may change your mind about what constitutes a racist food product. Frito Bandito In the age of Dora the Explorer, its difficult to imagine a time when a Latino cartoon character wasnt portrayed as caring, adventurous, and inquisitive, but as sinister. When Frito-Lay rolled out Frito Bandito in 1967, though, thats exactly what happened. The Bandito, the cartoonish mascot for Frito-Lay corn chips, had a gold tooth, a pistol and a penchant for stealing chips. To boot, the Bandito, clad in a huge sombrero and boots with spurs, spoke broken English with a thick Mexican accent. A group called The Mexican-American Anti-Defamation Committee objected to this stereotypical image, causing Frito-Lay to change the Banditos appearance so he did not appear as devious. He became kind of friendly and rascally, but still wanted to heist your corn chips, explained David Segal, who wrote about the character for Slate.com in 2007. The committee found these changes didnt go far enough and continued campaigning against Frito-Lay until the company removed him from promotional materials in 1971. Uncle Bens Rice The image of an elderly black man has appeared in ads for Uncle Bens Rice since 1946. So, just who exactly is Ben? According to the book Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Ben was a Houston rice farmer known for his superior crops. When Texas food broker Gordon L. Harwell launched a brand of commercial rice cooked to preserve nutrients, he decided to name it Uncle Bens Converted Rice, after the respected farmer, and use the image of an African-American maitre d he knew to be the face of the brand. On the packaging, Uncle Ben appeared to be a menial type, as suggested by his Pullman Porter-like attire. Moreover, the title Uncle likely derives from the practice of whites addressing elderly African Americans as uncle and aunt during segregation because the titles Mr. and Mrs. were deemed unsuitable for blacks, who were regarded as inferior. In 2007, however, Uncle Ben received a makeover of sorts. Mars, the owner of the rice brand, debuted a website in which Uncle Ben is portrayed as the chairman of the board in a posh office. This virtual facelift was a way for Mars to bring Ben, an outdated racial stereotype of the black man as sharecropper-servant, into the 21st century. Chiquita Bananas Generations of Americans have grown up eating Chiquita bananas. But its not just the bananas they remember fondly, its Miss Chiquita, the comely figure the banana company has used to brand the fruit since 1944. With a sensual swagger and flamboyant Latin American attire, the bilingual Miss Chiquita makes the men swoon, as vintage advertisements of the bombshell demonstrate. Miss Chiquita is widely thought to have been inspired by Brazilian beauty Carmen Miranda who appeared in ads for Chiquita bananas. The actress has been accused of promoting the exotic Latina stereotype because she achieved fame wearing pieces of fruit on her head and revealing tropical clothing. Some critics argue that it’s all the more insulting for a banana company to play into this stereotype because the women, men, and children who worked in banana farms toiled in grueling conditions, often falling gravely ill as a result of pesticide exposure. Land O Lakes Butter Make a trip to the dairy section of your grocery store, and youll find the Native American woman known as the Indian maiden on Land O Lakes butter. How did this woman come to be featured on Land OLakes products? In 1928, officials from the company received a photo of a Native woman with a butter carton in hand as cows grazed and lakes flowed in the background. Because Land O Lakes is based in Minnesota, the home of Hiawatha and Minnehaha, the company reps welcomed the idea of using the maidens image to sell its butter. In recent years, writers such as H. Mathew Barkhausen III, who is of Cherokee and Tuscarora descent, have called the image of the Land O Lakes maiden stereotypical. She wears two braids in her hair, a headdress, and an animal skin frock with beaded embroidery. Also, for some, the maidens serene countenance erases the suffering indigenous peoples have experienced in the United States. Eskimo Pie Eskimo Pie ice cream bars have been around since 1921 when a candy shop owner named Christian Kent Nelson noticed that a little boy couldn’t decide whether to buy a chocolate bar or ice cream. Why not have both available in one confection, Nelson figured. This line of thinking led him to create the frozen treat known then as the â€Å"I-Scream Bar.† When Nelson partnered up with chocolate maker Russell C. Stover, though, the name was changed to Eskimo Pie and the image of an Inuit boy in a parka was featured on the packaging. Today, some indigenous peoples from the arctic regions of North America and Europe object to the name â€Å"Eskimo† in the use of the frozen pies and other sweets, not to mention in society generally. In 2009, for example, Seeka Lee Veevee Parsons, a Canadian Inuit, made newspaper headlines after publicly objecting to references to the Eskimo in the names of popular desserts. She called them â€Å"an insult to her people.† â€Å"When I was a little girl white kids in the community used to tease me about it in a bad way. It’s just not the correct term,† she said of Eskimo. Instead, Inuit should be used, she explained. Cream of Wheat When Emery Mapes of the North Dakota Diamond Milling Company set out in 1893 to find an image to market his breakfast porridge, now called Cream of Wheat, he decided to use the face of a black chef. Still on promotional packaging for Cream of Wheat today, the chef- who was given the name Rastus, has become a cultural icon, according to sociologist David Pilgrim of Ferris State University. â€Å"Rastus is marketed as a symbol of wholeness and stability,† Pilgrim asserts. â€Å"The toothy, well-dressed black chef happily serves breakfast to a nation.† Not only was Rastus portrayed as subservient but also as uneducated, Pilgrim points out. In a 1921 advertisement, a grinning Rastus holds up a chalkboard with these words: â€Å"Maybe Cream of Wheat aint got no vitamins. I dont know what them things is. If they’s bugs they aint none in Cream of Wheat.† Rastus represented the black man as a child-like, unthreatening slave. Such images of blacks perpetuated the notion that African Americans were content with a separate but (un)equal existence while making Southerners of the time feel nostalgic about the Antebellum Era. Aunt Jemima Aunt Jemima is arguably the most well-known minority â€Å"mascot† of a food product, not to mention the longest lasting. Jemima came to be in 1889 when Charles Rutt and Charles G. Underwood created a self-rising flour that the former called Aunt Jemima’s recipe. Why Aunt Jemima? Rutt reportedly got the inspiration for the name after seeing a minstrel show that featured a skit with a Southern mammy named Jemima. In Southern lore, mammies were matronly black female domestics who doted on the white families they served and cherished their role as subordinates. Because the mammy caricature was popular with whites in the late 1800s, Rutt used the name and likeness of the mammy he’d seen in the minstrel show to market his pancake mix. She was smiling, obese, and wore a headscarf fit for a servant. When Rutt and Underwood sold the pancake recipe to the R.T. Davis Mill Co., the organization continued to use Aunt Jemima to help brand the product. Not only did the image of Jemima appear on product packaging, but the R.T. Davis Mill Co. also enlisted real African-American women to appear as Aunt Jemima at events such as the 1893 World’s Exposition in Chicago. At these events, black actresses told stories about the Old South which painted life there as idyllic for both blacks and whites, according to Pilgrim. America ate up the mythical existence of Aunt Jemima and the Old South. Jemima became so popular that the R.T. Davis Mill Co. changed its name to the Aunt Jemima Mill Co. Moreover, by 1910, more than 120 million Aunt Jemima breakfasts were being served annually, Pilgrim notes. Following the civil rights movement, however, black Americans began voicing their objection to the image of a black woman as a domestic who spoke grammatically incorrect English and never challenged her role as servant. Accordingly, in 1989, Quaker Oats, who’d purchased the Aunt Jemima Mill Co. 63 years earlier, updated Jemima’s image. Her head wrap had vanished, and she wore pearl earrings and a lace collar instead of a servant’s clothing. She also appeared younger and significantly thinner. The matronly domestic Aunt Jemima originally appeared as had been replaced by the image of a modern African-American woman. Wrapping Up Despite the progress that’s occurred in race relations, Aunt Jemima, Miss Chiquita, and similar spokes-characters remain fixtures in American food culture. All came to fruition during a time when it was unthinkable that a black man would become president or a Latina would sit on the U.S. Supreme Court. Accordingly, they serve to remind us about the great strides people of color have made over the years. In fact, many consumers likely buy a pancake mix from Aunt Jemima with little idea that the woman on the box was originally a slave prototype. These same consumers likely find it difficult to understand why minority groups object to President Obama’s image on a box of waffles or a recent Duncan Hines cupcake ad that seemed to use blackface imagery. There’s a long tradition in the U.S. of using racial stereotypes in food marketing, but in the 21st century America patience for that kind of advertising has run out.

Assignment#7 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment#7 - Case Study Example On the other hand, nations also owe a similar responsibility to their citizens and, in addition, they also have the onus to ensure their well being. In immigration cases, the judges consider a lot of aspects and prescribe â€Å"excessively high standard of proof† of persecution from the asylum seekers before deciding their cases (p.236). In this context, it becomes relevant that such immigrants often may not be in a position to fulfill the demands of the host nations. From the instances of the application of inconsistent regulations as well as the lack of â€Å"objective human rights assessments† while deciding immigration cases, it transpires that there is an element of bias prevailing among some of the judges (p.236). Due to their lack of adequate insight into the socio-political situations in the refugees’ homelands, these judges downplay their â€Å"likelihood of prosecution† (p.236). This may, perhaps, be the reason for the large volume of cases pending in various immigration courts. On the other hand, evidence also suggests to the pendency of a large number of social security adjudications in the country. On a surface level, since the government of a nation has an obligation to ensure the welfare of its citizens, it may appear that social security of own people deserves precedence over the rights of the people from other countries. However, this issue needs to be understood and explored on a deeper level. Asylum seekers are usually people who have no alternative other than seek refuge in an alien country because of turmoil and possible persecution in their nation of origin. In this regard, it needs to be appreciated that in normal circumstances, unless there is threat to a person’s value and belief systems, he or she may not want to abandon the homeland. Thus, it becomes evident that asylum seekers are leaving their countries due to the obvious threat to or violation of their human rights. On the other hand, the question of social security

Cap Gemini - recommended global strategy for 2012 2016 Research Paper

Cap Gemini - recommended global strategy for 2012 2016 - Research Paper Example The success of the organization in the global market is depended on its ability to identify an effective international strategy. Such strategy would allow the firm to increase its competitiveness towards its rivals and secure its position as a major competitor in its industry. In case that the entry in a particular market is attempted, it is necessary that all this market’s characteristics and risks are carefully reviewed in advance, i.e. before developing the firm’s strategy for entering the particular market (Hitt et al. 2008). Cap Gemini is a major competitor in the consulting, outsourcing and IT services industry worldwide. The firm is already member of the international market; however, the stabilization of its performance requires the change of the firm’s existing global strategy under the terms that markets worldwide suffer from strong economic and political/ social turbulences. Such perspective is made clear through the following example: in 2002 the perf ormance of firm was reduced under the influence of the events of September the 11th (Selva 2002); the above fact revealed the lack of inability of the firm’s global strategy to face strong market turbulences. Cap Gemini, like all other international firms, needs to re-evaluate its global strategy in order to avoid the risk of unexpected organizational failures, a phenomenon that could result to severe losses. In order to understand the needs of Cap Gemini in terms of its global strategy it would be necessary to understand the context of this strategy, in its most common form. In accordance with Peng (2008) the global strategy should be described as ‘a strategy around the globe and not as the strategy of a particular multinational enterprise’ (Peng 2008, p.21). A potential international strategy for Cap Gemini for the years 2012-2016, i.e. for a four-years period, is described below. Primarily, reference is made to the market trends, meaning the industry in which the firm operates. Also, the firm’s existing position and potentials in the global market is analyzed using appropriate methods of strategic analysis. 2. Company Overview Cap Gemini provides consulting, outsourcing, IT and general professional services to firms worldwide. The firm is already well established in the global market employing 115,000 people in its units internationally. The firm is established in France but it has developed an extended network of units in most countries, including those of the Asia Pacific region and America. Among the firm’s services, those most developed are: systems integration (42%) and outsourcing (36%), see Figure 1, Appendix. On the other hand, particular emphasis is given on public sector (at a percentage of 27%), rather than on other industrial sectors, such as financial

Psychology of Personality Essay Example for Free

Psychology of Personality Essay Psychology of personality is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of personality and the individual differences. The main areas of focus are usually looking at individual’s psychological processes, the individual differences and studying how human behavior is similar. Personality is usually defined as well organized and dynamic set of characteristics possessed by a person that distinctively influence the cognitions, behavior in various situations and motivations. Since personality is complex and dynamic, various psychologists have come up with different theories to explain the different personality types. For the purpose of this paper, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and Jung’s theory of personality shall be used to analyze the personality of a lady friend by the name Ann. Since most people have various personality disorders, Ann’s personality disorder shall also be analyzed. Freud’s Theory of Personality The Freud’s theory of personality illustrates that personality of a human being is made up of three structures namely; the ego, superego and id. The id contains instincts and it is usually unconscious. The ego develops after the id and is considered to be the executive branch of personality since it uses reasoning to make decisions. Both the ego and id have no morality but the superego is the structure that contains morality as it takes into account whether something is right or wrong. The superego is also referred as the conscience since it has the ability to judge whether something is right or wrong. According to Freud’s theory of personality, personality is established at around five years of age. Studies suggest that the early childhood experience influence human behavior and continue to do so through out the whole life (Mitterer Coon 2008). Further studies illustrate that behavior of a person develops through a series of childhood stages and the driving force during the stages is usually the psychosexual energy. Incase all the stages are completed successfully, healthy personality develops and if not, fixation occurs which leads to a personality disorder. These stages of development include the anal, oral, phallic, latent, and genital stage. Some of these stages shall be discussed comprehensively while analyzing Ann’s personality. Jung’s Theory of Personality Jung is psychologist who accomplished much but his personality theory of introversion and extroversion gained a lot of recognition and overshadowed the rest of his work. His theory suggests that introversion and extroversion are opposing attitude types that make a person to behave in a particular way. According to this theory of personality, human behavior is controlled by the introversion and extroversion attitudes. He defines an introvert as someone who is quite aware of the inner world and does not give much thought to the external world. An introvert attitude is usually more concerned with the subjective appraisal and considers dreams and fantasies more. On the other hand, an extrovert is usually characterized by the outside movement of the psyche energy. An extrovert attitude places more importance on the objectivity and at the same time gains a lot of influence from the outer environment than the inner cognitive processes. Nonetheless, the theory suggests that it is still possible for one person to have both attitudes though more often than not one must be overshadowed by another. The four functions of the personality theory namely, thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition were combined so as to come up with the eight personality types. Discussion Ann is a twenty five year old lady who currently works as a research scientist. She is very competent and productive, and since she was employed two years ago, she has received a number of awards due to her competency. She happens to be the first born in the family of four and has been brought up by very strict parents. Though she loves people, she mostly prefers to be alone and in social functions she prefers to remain calm and only talks with people close to her. She spends most of her leisure time reading or watching television when she is not studying. She can make a very good friend but once angered she reacts aggressively and she can put up a fight very first. In addition, she is quite independent and barely shares her things with other people. However, many people usually complain of her reserved and cold nature but she is quite orderly and maintains high level of cleanliness. In application of the Jung’s theory of personality, Ann displays more of an introvert attitude than that of an extrovert. While making decisions, Ann takes her time analyzing the available options and is not easily influenced by the outside factors which display an introvert attitude as illustrated by Jung’s theory of personality. She often makes a decision which suits her best, without giving much consideration to what others may think of her. Moreover she works best while alone and does not prefer social functions unless when it is very necessary. A person with such behavior is classified as an introvert by the Jung’s theory of personality (Gelpi 1993). While applying the Freud’s theory of personality, some of the behavior that characterizes Ann’s personality can be attributed to the experiences she passed through during the early childhood stages. The fact that she holds a lot of mistrust toward people illustrates that the care takers did not feed her on demand during the oral stage. However, during the anal stage, she received the appropriate toilet training hence the reason why she is quite competent, productive and orderly (Dumont, Wedding Corsini 2007). Personality Disorder A personality disorder is often described as an enduring pattern of inner experiences and behavior that seems to deviates from individual’s culture and sets in during early adulthood or adolescence stage (Dobbert 2007). Since most of these behaviors are pervasive and also chronic they usually cause impairment in the daily life. A study of Ann’s life shows that she most probably suffers from a paranoid personality disorder. It is a disorder that is characterized by agoraphobia, depression and substance abuse as illustrated by the studies of (Dobbert, 2007). Ann displays most of the symptoms associate with paranoid disorder because she does not trust people, gets angry quickly especially if she thinks that she is being deceived, thinks that people are untrustworthy, she is always serious and secretive, and always analyzes every gesture and conversation to look for the hidden meaning. The above mentioned Ann’s personality traits illustrate that she suffers from paranoid personality disorder since the same symptoms characterize the disorder are part of the diagnostic criteria of the disorder. Conclusion and Recommendation Psychology of personality is very important since it helps in understanding different personalities as illustrated by the different behaviors. In psychology, there are many theories that have been established to explain different personalities. Despite the fact that all have the same goals some contain controversial ideas. However, they are still very helpful. In this study, the Freud’s theory of personality which illustrates that early childhood experiences shape the behavior of a person has helped in understanding the personality of Ann. It was possible to deduce that her mistrust originates from her oral stage as her caretakers did not feed her on demand. Such an experience makes an infant to lose trust on people. Jung’s theory of personality helps in understanding that the reserved nature of Ann is a result of an introverted attitude. In addition, the study has been of great help since it was possible to realize that Ann’s pervasive behavior of excessive mistrust is as a result of a paranoid personality disorder. References Dobbert, L. D. , (2007). Understanding personality disorders: an introduction. Westport, Greenwood Publishing Group. Dumont, F. , Wedding, D. Corsini, J. , (2007). Current Psychotherapies. Stamford, Cengage Learning. Gelpi, D. L. , (1993). Committed Worship: Adult Conversion and Initiation. Collegeville, Liturgical Press Mitterer, J. O. Coon, D. , (2008). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior. Stamford, Cengage Learning.

The Purpose Of Life - Lifes Journey :: miscellaneous

The Purpose Of Life - Life's Journey "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which according to his abundant mercy hath begotten us again unto a lively hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you, Who are kept by the power of God through faith unto salvation ready to be revealed in the last time... Wherefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and hope to the end for the grace that is to be brought unto you at the revelation of Jesus Christ; As obedient children, not fashioning yourselves according to the former lusts in your ignorance: But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy." ~ 1 Peter 1:3-5, 13-16, King James Version In a dream, I received a message from God saying, "Life is a journey to holiness." This is truth, for we have been taught the same by our Lord Jesus Christ who said, "Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in Heaven is perfect." (Matthew 5:48) And we know that the Heavenly Father is all that is good, beautiful, great, and holy, therefore we must aim to possess such qualities of The Lord. Though we will never reach perfection, we must strive for it with all our heart – in other words, with all our love for God. For it is written, "Thou shalt love The Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul and with all thy mind." (Lord Jesus Christ Quote, Matthew 22:37) Our Lord Jesus Christ is to whom we are to compare ourselves to, for He is the Ideal. He lived the perfect life, and He is therefore the one we must strive to resemble. He is God in the flesh, representing the way we ought to live – for it is written, "And the Word [that is, God] was made flesh [that is, Jesus], and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth." (John 1:14) Now, my heart has not always been striving for God, for my heart was torn between good and evil – between the ways of God and satan.

International Organizations Essay

International organizations have been noted to be around since the mid- 19th century and such organizations do not operate for profit. An international organization is defined by the United Nations as an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. The main objective of all the international organizations they say ,have usually been welfare and the improvement of member countries through cooperation. Karns and Mingst identify the two main types of international organizations as IGOs and INGOs which they also refer to as international and transnational structures who are actors in global governance. Global governance, they say, are the cooperative problem-solving arrangements and activities that states and other actors have put into place to deal with various issues and problems. Firstly, Intergovernmental Organizations; herein referred to as IGOs will be discussed. IGOs are organizations that include at least three states among their membership, that have activities in several states, and that are created through a formal intergovernmental agreement such as a treaty, charter, or statute. These organizations range in size from 3 members (North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA]) to more than 190 members Universal Postal Union [UPU]. Within these IGOs, members can be limited to one geographic region, for example the Organization of American States (OAS), the European Union (EU) or even the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) or they may come from all geographic regions such as members of the World Bank and IMF. Some IGOs are designed for solitary purposes such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries [OPEC]), whilst others have been developed for multilateral purposes, for example the United Nations [UN]. Most IGOs though, are not global in membership but are in fact regional, wherein a commonality of interest motivates states to cooperate on issues directly affecting them. Most are small in membership and designed to address specific functions. It must also be noted that IGOs are recognized subjects of international law with separate standing from their member states. According to Karns and Mingst, IGOs function for purposes of gathering, analyzing, and disseminating data, providing a place for negotiations, creating norms and defining standards of behavior through legally binding treaties, monitoring compliance with rules, adjudicating disputes and also taking enforcement measures and for allocating resources, providing technical assistance and relief and deploying forces. Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal (1998) suggest that IGOs â€Å"allow for the centralization of collective activities through a concrete and stable organizational structure and a supportive administrative apparatus. This increases the efficiency of collective activities and enhance the organization’s ability to affect the understandings, environment, and interests of states. † In their book on International Organization Karns and Mingst say that â€Å"IGOs do not only create opportunities for their member states, but also exercise influence and impose constraints on their member states’ policies and processes† which aids in forcing governments to take positions on international or domestic issues of concern. They also facilitate the creation of principles, norms, and rules of behavior with which states must align their policies if they wish to benefit from reciprocity. For example, China’s admission to the World Trade Organization and how this has affected its national policies and required extensive governmental reforms. Secondly, International Non Governmental Organizations; herein referred to as INGOs will be discussed. INGOs are institutions that are established by non-state actors or at least one side of these organizations is not states. They can generally be defined as private, voluntary, non-profit, self-governing, professional organizations with a distinctive legal character concerned with public welfare aims. INGOs unlike IGOs are not created by treaties or states but rather private people and organizations and usual encompass more than three states and therefore cannot be bilateral. They employ limited resources to make rules, set standards, procreate principles and broadly represent more ‘humanity’ than states and other actors do. There are many kinds of NGOs such as transnational, government organized, government-regulated and initiated, business and industry, donor-organized, donor-dominated, people’s organizations, operational, advocacy, transnational social movements, quasi, and anti-governmental NGOs. Their number increased (more than 23,000 in the early 1990s) and their effectiveness for transnational politics became more relevant in recent decades. They have become â€Å"crucial participants in the international policy process† says Brown (1995). Some INGOs are formed to dvocate a particular cause such as human rights, peace, or environmental protection. While others are established to provide services such as disaster relief, humanitarian aid in war-torn societies, or development assistance. Many INGOs are transnational federations involving formal, long-term links among national groups. Examples include the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the World Wildlife Fund, Transparency International, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and Save the Children. INGOs’ governance functions parallel many functions provided by IGOs and, like IGOs, they can be analyzed as both pieces of and actors in global governance. As pieces of governance, INGOs function to provide processes at many levels to pressure or persuade individuals, governments, IGOs, corporations, and other actors to improve human rights records, protect the environment, tackle corruption, create a ban on landmines, or intervene in conflicts such as that in the Darfur region of Sudan. Some IGOs, such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), World Tourism Organization, and the UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), provide for INGOs roles in their governance. As a result of global trends to privatize activities previously controlled by governments, services once provided by governments or IGOs are now often contracted out to INGOs. INGOs are important pieces of global governance because of the ways they enable individuals to act publicly through creating networks, and volunteering and this makes them useful links between the domestic and international communities and institutions. In this sense, they function as communicators among multiple levels of governance. Both Intergovernmental Organisations and International Non-governmental Organizations are of growing significance in the international community. The proliferation of non-state actors has recently led some observers of international relations to conclude that states are declining in importance and that non-state actors are gaining status and influence. New theories of international relations such as the â€Å"complex interdependence† of Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (1989) were formed in order to explain new developments. Kegley and Wittkoph (1995) accurately point out that â€Å"as the world grown smaller, the mutual dependence of nation-states and other transnational political actors on one another has grown† Their significance can be noted not only through their international presence but also through their voice and ability to hold governments accountable for not abiding by the standards set forth through their organizations. The benefits of these two types of all the international organizations has usually been seen through its welfare improvement of member countries and its importance lies in the following: 1.  International organizations, such as International Trade Centre and World Trade Organization, assist member countries in promoting fair trade with each other. 2. The aim of the international organizations, such as Natural Capitalism and International Development Research Centre, is to enhance sustainable economic development in the world. 3. The World Bank and Institute of International Finance are international organizations that provide monetary help to member countries. 4. The purpose of the incorporation of international organizations, such as Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and World Food Programme, is to provide food security to member nations. 5. The endeavor of international organizations, such as Global Environment Facility and United Nations Environment Programme, is to ensure environmental protection. 6. The protection of human rights is ensured by international organizations, such as the ICJ and Amnesty International. 7.  Emergency/disaster relief is taken care of by several international organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and ReliefWeb. 8. The WHO helps member countries promote health care and facilities. Most countries though, perceive that there are benefits to participating in IGOs and international regimes even when it is costly. South Africa never withdrew from the UN over the long years when it was repeatedly condemned for its policies of apartheid. Iraq did not withdraw from the UN when it was subject to more than a decade of stringent sanctions. China spent fourteen years negotiating the terms of its entry into the international trade system and undertaking changes in laws and policies required to bring itself into compliance with WTO rules. Additionally , INGOs too are increasingly active today at all levels of human society and governance, from local or grassroots communities to national and international politics. Many national-level groups, often called interest or pressure groups, are now linked to counterpart groups in other countries through networks or federations. International NGOs, like IGOs, may draw their members from more than one country, and they may have very specific functions or be multifunctional. IGOs have been proven to decrease the cost of information gathering which is more important for poor and small countries. Without the UN, many states are unable to obtain information about the international society and politics. Activities of IGOs, such as the UN and the IMF, are decisive for most small countries. They may impose their principles on them more easily than on big powers. Most governments; especially in less developed countries face serious resource constraints limiting their ability to apply the provisions of regimes to areas and activities under their jurisdiction. And in spite of the fact that international organizations are utilized by powerful nation-states, these states do not hold full power over IGOs. IGOs however do have notable influence in international and on the most powerful state, the United States (Karns and Mingst). IGOs have been especially successful in their effectiveness in economic issue areas is also considerably high. For example, the IMF and the World Bank are very effective in money flowing, debt management and financing debt issues between the rich and poor countries. Though still effective, IGOs are less influential in issues of high politics such as political and security issues. INGOs too play an increasingly important role in world politics through agencies, such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International who draw attention to issues of world-wide concern, promote international co-operation and they have a significant impact on the global dissemination of ideas, values and knowledge. One of the major challenges being faced by international organizations however is integrating developing countries on various measures. Health related issues, such as infant mortality in developing countries are also of great challenge. Some other challenges that international organizations are facing are in the filed of intellectual property rights, trade in services and investment measures in relation to trade. Also seen as future difficulties in the international system is the issue of multilateral liberalization due to growing regionalism and the reformation of world trade.

Organizational Communication in Crisis of Diet Pepsi Syringe Scare

INTRODUCTION In the 1993 incident of syringes were found in the Diet Pepsi cans, it is clearly showed that the company had demonstrated an effective halting from the company’s openness with the media. While dealing and handling with the crisis, the PR team of Pepsi focused on both their internal and external publics. It is important for an organization to have a strong internal communication as these internal publics helps to convince the external publics of the organization.The internal publics of Pepsi were consists of the employees of Pepsi like executives, managers, stakeholders, and anyone that has a say in the production of Pepsi’s products whereas the external publics consists of the whole American population, competitors, FDA and the media. Communications among the internal publics were strong among them and the company directed an immediate disclosure of all facts (Anton, 2011). Internal communications is important in an organization as it helps to build bridge s among the employers and employees.Besides it can also help them to deal better with their external public in whatever they are doing regardless of solving crisis or as a tool of communication with its public. Pepsi then targeted the external public differently and chose to focus on television as its media vehicle. Besides, they also took a firm stand and said no to product recall. Alpac Bottling Company, the local canning and distributor of Diet Pepsi was one of the external publics that were involved with the crisis and Pepsi let the company to explain to the media that product tampering was merely impossible.Publics do not believe that the case is over and then a documentation video was released. Pepsi invited media to the production plant and film the process. This video then shows the process of the sodas and that the product was virtually tamper resistant. Other techniques used by the PR of Pepsi include 24 hours hotlines for consumers query and complaints, assigning a specia list to work with the FDA and the legal department were also involved during the communications process (Pepsi case, n. d. ).Videotapes were then sent out as well as memos and the surveillance footage that reaffirmed the Pepsi‘s innocence. As the hoax of the syringe scare goes on, a third video news release was aired by Mr. Weatherup that shows a surveillance camera from a convince store showing a lady purchased the product, opened it and then placed a syringe without anyone noticing. Commissioner Kessler from FDA then help a press release on June 17, 1993 notifying the public that the allegations scare of syringe was false (Yaxaira, 2011).Throughout the crisis, it is clearly showed that communications between Pepsi and both its internal and external publics was very effective as the PR department disclosed all information to everyone as it is needed. They also convinced the external publics that on the proceedings of their investigation on a daily basis to ensure the public t hat the problem is under control. In this case study of Pepsi Syringe scare, the communication flow of the organization can be related with Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid of the human resources approach.In this approach, it maps out different leadership styles compared to other approaches as this model concerns about both people and production. There are five prototypical management styles subbed under this model which are impoverished management, country club management, authority-compliances, team-management and middle-of-the-road management. All these five management styles have to be balance in concerning about people and production.Concern for people in this model simply relates to the degree where a leader considers the needs of employees and team members before deciding on how to accomplish a task (Blake & Mouton, n. d. ). This concern can be seen when the PR team of Pepsi decides on its strategies, tools and techniques in communicating with both internal and e xternal public during the crisis period. The authorities also guide and brief their employees on how they should communicate effectively with the public and customers.Besides, the PR team of Pepsi also assigned a specialist to work with the FDA and to keep the employees on track that what is happening throughout the period and ensure the public that the problem is under control. Concerns for production, defined to the degree which a leader emphasizes production effectiveness and efficiency when deciding how to best accomplish tasks (Blake & Mouton, n. d. ). This concern can be seen when Pepsi emphasize on the effectiveness and efficiency of their production of the product.The authorities even invited media to film the production plant and produce a documentary video news release to ensure the external public that product tampering is virtually impossible in the production. Finally a surveillance video of a convince store proved that Pepsi is free from allegations. Both of the co ncerns in the model can conclude that team-based communication direction is effective in handling such situation. The communication in the organization on handling with the crisis of Syringe found in Diet Pepsi Cans in 1993 was effective in the internal public but was not that efficient towards the external publics.The president of the organization along the management team explaining and updating the employees on everything that is happening and by ensuring to the employees that the corporate office does not think that the tampering is the happening at the plants and by confiding and trusting in the employees abilities increased the employee’s morale at a critical time during the crisis. Employees were treated with the highest consideration. Advisories were sent to bottlers and managers at least once daily but often several times per day to update the situation. This information was to be shared with employees and customers.These actions not only displayed willingness to coo perate but also efforts by the company to give the public any and all information it needed at different stages of the crisis progression. The 1993 crisis of hypodermic syringes reported in Diet Pepsi had effective communication results stemming from the company’s openness with the media. In addition, other technique used by the crisis management team was included 24 hours hotlines for consumers query and complaints, assigning a specialist to work with the FDA and the legal department were also involved during the communications process (Pepsi case, n. . ) (Fearn-Banks, 1996). The communication effectiveness of the company was a success as the crisis lasted for nine days with the crisis communication team working 15-20 hours a day. The team’s efforts resulted in positive media coverage during and after the crisis, which in turn reflected positively for the companies involved. Furthermore, Pepsi distributed instructing information, helping the public to react to the sit uation, making it an excellent example of how to handle a crisis. ( Strurges, n. d. ).The poor communication with the external public can see from the action they did to the public after the incident happened. The first complaint regarding syringe was announced on 10th June 1993 but the company did not took any action to that. Pepsi-Cola Co. said that they could not just tell the public about the incident without having substantial amount of evidence to enforce their claim. Pepsi invited media to capture the canning process then the public relation department demonstrating the bottling procedure.The crisis management team then releases the video news release (VNR) through the media such as television to reach the public eye after a total of 55 complaints about the case in a week. The video shows that is impossible to interfere with the process of the product, the speed of the equipment, and the safety precautions to produce the product. The management team should show the public wit h this video once they receive the first complaint and not to deny that it is not possible to have a syringe in the can. This is to ensure that they can still gain trustworthy from their customers.The vice president of product safety, Jim Stanley said that â€Å"Because you don’t have a lot of time to gather the facts, you’d better take advantage of the first few hours that you do have. If you waste those early hours in trying to deliberate on what you should do, you are going to miss an opportunity to solve a lot of issues that you could best solve immediately†. In this case, the company had applied the Likert’s System IV where decision-making is performed by every organizational member and goals are set by complete work groups (Rensis Likert, 1967).It can see from the unity of the Pepsi-Cola Co. employees’ work together to overcome or helps to solve the crisis in a short period of time. The crisis communication team works 15-20 hours a day in ord er to manage and try to work out the solution. Besides, the Likert’s System IV also emphasize on control of the organization in every level where the Pepsi-Cola Co. practices it during the crisis. The crisis management team had meeting with the internal publics on the ways to communicate with the external public or the way to answer media questions.The way that internal publics answer questions from the external public is very important because they are representing the company to voice out the answer. According to most of the report from the publics including medias, the Pepsi-Cola Co. had handled the crisis effectively and able to rebound and increased its sales after the crisis. However, the organization could handle the crisis more effectively and better. With a better and effective internal and external communication, it will help to reduce the damages strike to their company.Pepsi-Cola Co had showed a video regarding of the canning process and let the public understand how hard it would be to get an object into one of their cans. The company also showed a video of a woman trying to stick a syringe in a Pepsi can at a supermarket. However, they did not release the video on the spot. Public do not believe it although the company state that there were no way to insert the syringe in the bottling process at the plant. This become serious when there were 50 cases reported the following week. This proved their communication to the external public was not effective enough to convince the public when the crisis occurred.They should release the video once the crisis happened and not release after they found out the case become nationally. If they could release the video instantly once they found out they were innocent, the public no matter from internal or external will tend to believe it was a product tampering cases. They external public (consumer) will not under panic attack (worried about the syringe might bring AIDS or hepatitis which it usually relat ed to it) and the media will report the incident and make a clear statement which the product is safe to drink to the audiences.The surveillance camera which caught the women trying to put a syringe into the Pepsi can when the worker turn around sound more solid and easier to gain public convincing than the video which shot about the canning process. The organization can handle the situation differently in the other way was the CEO of the company should stepped out as the spoke person once the first two cases occurred. At first case occurred, the CEO and president of the Pepsi-Cola Co. was not the spokeperson who accepted the interviewed by the reporter.The first spokeperson was the Alpac Bottling Company CEO. As Alpac should be responsible of the incident, due to the external public only knew little about Alpac, they will only pointed their finger to Pepsi-Cola Co. because they were the imminent owner of the bottling company. Therefore, to decrease the damages brought by the crisis , the Pepsi-Cola Co. CEO should appeared in the first place to clarify the crisis and try to gain back public trust. The words from the company’s CEO will be more credible, powerful and convincing.The external communication (consumer, media, government, etc) is important to the company as the internal communication (employee, employers and managers) will also play a crucial role in the organization. For the external communication to the publics who involved, they will tend to believe the words from the leader who was ultimately responsible than a public relations practitioner. The media can get a clear statements, answers or announcements from the CEO directly. As for the internal communication, the CEO who involved themselves into the crisis will gain more trustworthy and support from the employees or subordinates.Different company practices different approach and theory. As for the Pepsi-Cola Co. , it practiced human resources approach during the crisis. The human resources approach was widely adopted by organizations in the 1960s. This participative, team approach to management-employee relations recognized that employees can contribute both physical and mental labor (Berger, 2008). Human resource approach acknowledges contribution of classical and, especially, human relations approaches to organizing (Miller, 2009).According to the human resources theorist, individual labor is an important ingredient to reach organization goal but also must consider individual feelings in the organization. Therefore, human resource approach is the mix of classical approach and human relations approach which emphasize on both meeting organization goal and individual feelings. In human resource approach, communication became multidirectional and more interactive compare to the other two approaches. Feedback was sought to enhance problem solving and stimulate idea sharing and innovation content was added to social and task information in communications (Berger, 2008).C oncepts of employee trust and commitment emerged as important issues, and organizations began to share communication decision-making among employees (Berger, 2008). There are two theories categories in this approach which are Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid that concentrates on how a manager can combine values of the human relations school and the classical school into a leadership style and Likert’s system IV that specify the details of the organizational form that will incorporate the ideals of the human resources movement (Miller, 2006).In the crisis of syringe found in Diet Pepsi cans in 1993, the Pepsi-Cola Co. is using the human resource approach in their organizational communication. During the crisis time, they not only work to solve the crisis but they also treated the employees with utmost consideration. The public relations department contacted the management department on how to communicate with the employees regarding the crisis situation and how to ans wer questions from the public and the employees (Yaxiara, 2008).All 400 field locations were aware at all times of what was going on in the company, what information is being reported, how the government was handling this matter, and how the company is responding to this matter (Yaxiara, 2008). They updating the employees regarding the situation by sending advisories to bottler and manager several time a day. When there is any update from the investigation, the president was also contacting the management department to share the latest information.This show that the company was concerning on employees feelings, therefore had explaining and updating the employees on everything that is happening and by ensuring to the employees that the corporate office does not think that the tampering is happening at the plants and by confiding and trusting in the employees abilities increased the employee’s morale at a critical time during the crisis (Yaxiara, 2008). Besides, they giving all information and teach the employees to respond is to control the information that shared with the external public and able to meet the company goal which is solving the company crisis.The communication of the organization toward external public is also applying the human resources approaches. The company public relations department convinced the external public of the investigation proceeding on a daily basis to ensure to the public that the problem is under control (Yaxiara, 2008) in order to calm the public feeling and control the external situation. We cannot deny that management must exercise control for organizations to succeed. Based on the crisis that faced by Pepsi during the year 1993, we can see that the internal publics were well-handled. The Pepsi-Cola Co. did a very good job with keeping employees up to date with new information about the crisis they faced. This consequently gave faith to the internal publics. The Pepsi CEO also fully utilised his power towards the ext ernal public. During the crisis, Pepsi CEO appeared on every major network to share the message that defect was practically impossible in their products. A  management  function  aimed at achieving defined  goals and usually have three  components which included taking  corrective action, setting standards and measuring actual  performance.The contribution of power is very important in order to exercise control towards management. The power of ideology and hegemony made the employees in the Pepsi-Cola Co. to think that the organization hierarchy is needed to be practiced by the company. The Pepsi-Cola Co. created an ideology to the internal publics that the crisis can never related to the company and keep the employees up to date. The public relations department got in touch with the management department on how to communicate with the employees about the crisis situation.There are also discussion on the way to answer questions from the employees and the public. All 40 0 field locations were aware at all times of what was going on in the company, what information is being reported, how the government was handling this matter, and how the company is responding to this matter. Internally, Pepsi prevented organizational disorder by updating employees with daily advisories to over 400 facilities nationwide. By doing this, the frame of an idea will be built in the internal publics’ mind. This ideology made the internal publics tend to trust the company.In order to convince the external public, the internal public must have faith in the company too. The leader applied the legitimate power in the communication process within the internal public. The crisis management team which leaded by Craig Weatherup, the president and CEO of Pepsi was in charge of the education of the senior management regarding how to answer the questions from the employees and public. The employees were educated by the senior management regarding how to answer the questions from the public. This shows that the company are practicing legitimate power which is the power was emerged from positions and titles.The people on the higher hierarchy have the right to control the lower level. However, the communication can be in formal and informal way. It also can be written and spoken and including all the channels. However, the legitimate power wasn’t excluded. From here, we can see that the Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid of the human resources approach was applied in the internal communication of Pepsi-Cola Co. This approach assumes that leaders will be most effective when it concerns both concern for people and concern for production.The way that Pepsi-Cola Co passed their messages was practicing classical approach which is based on the hierarchy level. The legitimate powers of the leaders successfully control the management and formed an effective communication. On the other hand, they pass the message by using both formal and informal way . This is basically practicing human relations approach. By combining these 2 approaches, Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid of the human resources approach was applied in order to control and the organization and way of communication.Pepsi successfully overcame the crisis by using different communication techniques and management power to show the internal publics and external publics that this scare was not possible. The internal publics were considered as successful in working together. The company guaranteed the external publics that there company does not experience any problems in manufacturing their products. It is now one of the biggest manufacturers in the world. Pepsi is connected with 200 countries and profits of the organization continue to rise per annum. This incident has not been discussed for years.Pepsi-Cola Co. will stay successful if they use the right communication way when facing problems. References Anton. (2011, May 8). Effective communication case stud y analysis: case 9-1 Pepsi Syringe. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://essays24. com/print/Effective-Communication-Case-Study-Analysis/48875. html Berger, B. K. (2008, November 17). Employee/Organizational Communications. Retrieved November 5, 2011, from Institute for Public Relations website: http://www. instituteforpr. org/topics/ employee-organizational- communications/ Blake, R. , & Mouton, J. 2010, May 19). What is Blake & Mouton's managerial grid? Retrieved from http://www. businessmate. org/Article. php? ArtikelId=188 Crisis management/Pepsi syringe scare. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://iml. jou. ufl. edu/projects/Spring01/Morrison/Pepsi. html Pepsi case study. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 3, 2011, from http://www. personal. psu. edu/bms5263/Pepsi%20case%20study%20marketing%20310. docx Yaxaira. (2008, February 9). The Diet-Pepsi crisis. Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http://newsflavor. com/alternative/the-diet-pepsi-crisis/